Israeli couscous, also called pearl couscous, is similar to regular couscous in that it's a small, whole grain-like food made from semolina or wheat flour.
 
While I've always seen it labeled as Israeli couscous, others might know it as "pearl couscous", "Jerusalem couscous", or, as it is known in Israel, "ptitim".
 
Bob's Red Mill, one commonly known brand, labels their product "Natural pearl couscous".